Catholic Commentary on John 21

"Jesus said to Simon Peter, 'Do you love me?' Peter said, 'Yes, Lord, you know that I love you.' Jesus said, 'Feed my sheep.'" (John 21:17)

Back to the Beginning

The disciples return to Galilee, to the Sea of Tiberias, to their nets and boats: the ordinary world they had left three years earlier. They fish all night and catch nothing. This too is a return: not only to Galilee but to the helplessness of men who have tried everything in their own strength and come up empty. Then at dawn, a figure stands on the shore and asks if they have caught anything. They have not. Cast the net on the right side, he says. They do, and the net fills to breaking with 153 large fish.

The beloved disciple recognises the Lord first. Peter, characteristically, does not wait for the boat. He wraps his outer garment around himself and throws himself into the sea to reach Jesus first. And there on the shore Jesus has already prepared a charcoal fire with fish and bread. The Risen Lord is cooking breakfast for his disciples. The intimacy of this scene is almost unbearable in its tenderness. The Saviour of the world, fresh from his resurrection victory, crouching over a fire, serving breakfast.

Do You Love Me?

Peter had denied Jesus three times by a charcoal fire in the courtyard of Caiaphas. Now, by another charcoal fire on the lakeshore, Jesus asks him three times: Do you love me? Each question is a rehabilitation, a restoration, a reversal of each denial. The Catechism speaks of the Sacrament of Confession as a "second Baptism," a complete restoration of the relationship broken by sin (CCC 1446). This scene on the lakeshore is the first great act of post-resurrection reconciliation, and it teaches us something essential: the Risen Christ comes to restore, not to reproach.

With each declaration of love comes a commission: Feed my lambs. Tend my sheep. Feed my sheep. Peter is not merely forgiven. He is given a purpose that fits precisely the shape of his failure. He who denied three times is given a threefold commission of pastoral care. God does not waste our failures. He redeems them and puts them to work.

Living the Word

Brothers and sisters, the Gospel of John ends not with a doctrine but with an invitation: Follow me (v.19). The same words Jesus spoke at the beginning of Peter's journey, he speaks again at the end of it, after the failure, after the denial, after the restoration. The Christian life is not a single dramatic conversion followed by flawless discipleship. It is a repeated returning to this lakeshore, a repeated answering of the question: do you love me? Say yes. Receive the commission. Follow him.

Prayer

Lord Jesus, who restored Peter by the lakeshore and turned his failure into a mission: come to us also in our failures and ask us the question that heals: do you love me? Give us the courage to say yes, even imperfectly, and send us to feed the sheep you have entrusted to our care. Through Christ our Lord. Amen.

21
Jesus Appears by the Sea of Tiberias
Later, by the Sea of Tiberias,* 21:1 That is, the Sea of Galilee Jesus again revealed Himself to the disciples. He made Himself known in this way: Simon Peter, Thomas called Didymus, 21:2 Didymus means the twin. Nathanael from Cana in Galilee, the sons of Zebedee, and two other disciples were together. Simon Peter told them, “I am going fishing.”
 
“We will go with you,” they said. So they went out and got into the boat, but caught nothing that night.
 
Early in the morning, Jesus stood on the shore, but the disciples did not recognize that it was Jesus. So He called out to them, “Children, do you have any fish?”
 
“No,” they answered.
 
He told them, “Cast the net on the right side of the boat, and you will find some.” So they cast it there, and they were unable to haul it in because of the great number of fish.
 
Then the disciple whom Jesus loved said to Peter, “It is the Lord!” As soon as Simon Peter heard that it was the Lord, he put on his outer garment (for he had removed it) and jumped into the sea. The other disciples came ashore in the boat. They dragged in the net full of fish, for they were not far from land, only about a hundred yards. 21:8 Greek about two hundred cubits away; that is, approximately 300 feet or 91 meters
 
When they landed, they saw a charcoal fire there with fish on it, and some bread.
 
10 Jesus told them, “Bring some of the fish you have just caught.” 11 So Simon Peter went aboard and dragged the net ashore. It was full of large fish, 153, but even with so many, the net was not torn.
 
12 “Come, have breakfast,” Jesus said to them. None of the disciples dared to ask Him, “Who are You?” They knew it was the Lord. 13 Jesus came and took the bread and gave it to them, and He did the same with the fish.
 
14 This was now the third time that Jesus appeared to the disciples after He was raised from the dead.
Jesus and Peter
 
15 When they had finished eating, Jesus asked Simon Peter, “Simon son of John, do you love Me more than these?”
 
“Yes, Lord,” he answered, “You know I love You.”
 
Jesus replied, “Feed My lambs.”
 
16 Jesus asked a second time, “Simon son of John, do you love Me?”
 
“Yes, Lord,” he answered, “You know I love You.”
 
Jesus told him, “Shepherd My sheep.”
 
17 Jesus asked a third time, “Simon son of John, do you love Me?”
 
Peter was deeply hurt that Jesus had asked him a third time, “Do you love Me?”
 
“Lord, You know all things,” he replied. “You know I love You.”
 
Jesus said to him, “Feed My sheep.
 
18 Truly, truly, I tell you, when you were young, you dressed yourself and walked where you wanted; but when you are old, you will stretch out your hands, and someone else § 21:18 Or others will dress you and lead you where you do not want to go.” 19 Jesus said this to indicate the kind of death by which Peter would glorify God.
 
And after He had said this, He told him, “Follow Me.”
Jesus and the Beloved Disciple
 
20 Peter turned and saw the disciple whom Jesus loved following them. He was the one who had leaned back against Jesus * 21:20 Greek reclined on His bosom at the supper to ask, “Lord, who is going to betray You?” 21 When Peter saw him, he asked, “Lord, what about him?”
 
22 Jesus answered, “If I want him to remain until I return, what is that to you? You follow Me!” 23 Because of this, the rumor spread among the brothers that this disciple would not die. However, Jesus did not say that he would not die, but only, “If I want him to remain until I return, what is that to you?”
 
24 This is the disciple who testifies to these things and who has written them down. And we know that his testimony is true.
 
25 There are many more things that Jesus did. If all of them were written down, I suppose that not even the world itself would have space for the books that would be written.

*21:1 21:1 That is, the Sea of Galilee

21:2 21:2 Didymus means the twin.

21:8 21:8 Greek about two hundred cubits away; that is, approximately 300 feet or 91 meters

§21:18 21:18 Or others

*21:20 21:20 Greek reclined on His bosom