Catholic Commentary on Leviticus 20

"You are to be holy to me because I, the LORD, am holy, and I have set you apart from the nations to be my own." (Leviticus 20:26)

The Sanctions of the Holiness Code

Leviticus 20 gives the sanctions for the prohibitions of chapters 18-19: the penalties for Molech worship, for consulting mediums and spiritists, for the sexual violations listed in chapter 18. The severity of the penalties reflects the gravity of the offences to the covenant community. The chapter closes with the principle that underlies the entire Holiness Code: You are to be holy to me because I, the LORD, am holy, and I have set you apart from the nations to be my own. The election of Israel is not a privilege without obligation; it is a calling with corresponding accountability.

The repeated call to holiness throughout Leviticus 19-20 is taken up in 1 Peter 1:16, addressed now to the whole Church: be holy, because I am holy. The Catechism identifies the universal call to holiness as one of the central teachings of the Second Vatican Council: every baptised person, regardless of vocation or state in life, is called to the perfection of charity, the fullness of the Christian life (CCC 2013). Holiness is not the exclusive property of the monk or the saint; it is the description of what every person who belongs to the holy God is called to be.

Living the Word

Brothers and sisters, you are to be holy to me. Not the priest only, not the religious only, not the especially devoted only. You, in your ordinary life, in your workplace and kitchen and street. Holy, because the one who called you is holy. That is the standard and it is yours.

Prayer

Lord God, you called Israel to holiness and you call us to the same. You set us apart from the nations to be your own. Let our lives show who owns us: every choice, every relationship, every use of the body you made holy in Baptism. Through Christ our Lord. Amen.

20
Punishments for Disobedience
(Leviticus 26:14–39; Deuteronomy 28:15–68)
Then the LORD said to Moses, “Tell the Israelites, ‘Any Israelite or foreigner living in Israel who gives any of his children to Molech must be put to death. The people of the land are to stone him. And I will set My face against that man and cut him off from his people, because by giving his offspring to Molech, he has defiled My sanctuary and profaned My holy name.
 
And if the people of the land ever hide their eyes and fail to put to death the man who gives one of his children to Molech, then I will set My face against that man and his family and cut off from among their people both him and all who follow him in prostituting themselves with Molech.
 
Whoever turns to mediums or spiritists to prostitute himself with them, I will also set My face against that person and cut him off from his people.
 
Consecrate yourselves, therefore, and be holy, because I am the LORD your God. And you shall keep My statutes and practice them. I am the LORD who sanctifies you.
 
If anyone curses * 20:9 Or dishonors or reviles; similarly again in this verse his father or mother, he must be put to death. 20:9 Cited in Matthew 15:4 and Mark 7:10 He has cursed his father or mother; his blood shall be upon him.
Punishments for Sexual Immorality
(Proverbs 5:1–23; 1 Corinthians 5:1–8)
 
10 If a man commits adultery with another man’s wife—with the wife of his neighbor—both the adulterer and the adulteress must surely be put to death.
 
11 If a man lies with his father’s wife, he has uncovered his father’s nakedness. Both must surely be put to death; their blood is upon them.
 
12 If a man lies with his daughter-in-law, both must surely be put to death. They have acted perversely; their blood is upon them.
 
13 If a man lies with a man as with a woman, they have both committed an abomination. They must surely be put to death; their blood is upon them.
 
14 If a man marries both a woman and her mother, it is depraved. Both he and they must be burned in the fire, so that there will be no depravity among you.
 
15 If a man lies carnally with an animal, he must be put to death. And you are also to kill the animal.
 
16 If a woman approaches any animal to mate with it, you must kill both the woman and the animal. They must surely be put to death; their blood is upon them.
 
17 If a man marries his sister, whether the daughter of his father or of his mother, and they have sexual relations, 20:17 Literally and he sees her nakedness and she sees his nakedness it is a disgrace. They must be cut off in the sight of their people. He has uncovered the nakedness of his sister; he shall bear his iniquity.
 
18 If a man lies with a menstruating woman and has sexual relations with her,§ 20:18 Literally uncovers her nakedness; similarly in verse 19 he has exposed the source of her flow, and she has uncovered the source of her blood. Both of them must be cut off from among their people.
 
19 You must not have sexual relations with the sister of your mother or your father, for it is exposing one’s own kin; both shall bear their iniquity.
 
20 If a man lies with his uncle’s wife, he has uncovered the nakedness of his uncle. They will bear their sin; they shall die childless.
 
21 If a man marries his brother’s wife, it is an act of impurity. He has uncovered the nakedness of his brother; they shall be childless.
Distinguish between Clean and Unclean
 
22 You are therefore to keep all My statutes and ordinances, so that the land where I am bringing you to live will not vomit you out. 23 You must not follow the statutes of the nations I am driving out before you. Because they did all these things, I abhorred them.
 
24 But I have told you that you will inherit their land, since I will give it to you as an inheritance—a land flowing with milk and honey. I am the LORD your God, who has set you apart from the peoples.
 
25 You are therefore to distinguish between clean and unclean animals and birds. Do not become contaminated by any animal or bird, or by anything that crawls on the ground; I have set these apart as unclean for you. 26 You are to be holy to Me because I, the LORD, am holy, and I have set you apart from the nations to be My own.
 
27 A man or a woman who is a medium or spiritist must surely be put to death. They shall be stoned; their blood is upon them.’ ”

*20:9 20:9 Or dishonors or reviles; similarly again in this verse

20:9 20:9 Cited in Matthew 15:4 and Mark 7:10

20:17 20:17 Literally and he sees her nakedness and she sees his nakedness

§20:18 20:18 Literally uncovers her nakedness; similarly in verse 19